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<\/a>The modern domestic sheep (Ovis gmelini aries<\/em>) occurs in a great variety of breeding forms. The DAD-IS (Domestic Animal Diversity Information System) currently lists 93 main breeds. It is hardly possible to reconstruct which breeds were widespread in biblical times. With considerable certainty, Jacob sheep (or four-horned sheep) were among them. There is a direct biblical indication that fat-tailed sheep were kept. Their conspicuously thickened rump appendage stores up to ten kilograms of fat and thus fulfils a function similar to the humps of camels. It is mentioned in the Bible and is called alja<\/em> (Ex 29:22; Lev 3:9; 7:3; 8:25; 9:19).<\/p>\n\n\n\n As with the goats in the previous chapter, there is also a multitude of different terms for sheep. In German, \u00abSchaf\u00bb refers both to the species in general and to the female (mother) animal older than one year (archaic also: Au, Aue, Zibbe). The male animal is called a ram. \u00abHammel\u00bb are castrated rams. They do not occur in the Bible, because the castration of animals was not practiced in Jewish culture. The young of both sexes up to one year old are called \u00ablamb\u00bb. Precisely one-year-old sacrificial animals could therefore be called either \u00ablamb\u00bb or \u00absheep\u00bb, as can be seen from the \u00abfree quotation\u00bb of Isaiah 53:7\u20138 according to the Greek LXX in Acts 8:32. Before weaning, up to an age of half a year, the young are called \u00abmilk lamb\u00bb. The Hebrew words se<\/em> (36x) and keseb<\/em> (13x) are general terms for a sheep. However, the term zon<\/em>, which generally means small livestock \u2013 sheep and goats \u2013 is also translated \u00absheep\u00bb when the context suggests it. In some of these verses the goats are mentioned separately, which makes the assignment clear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A special word for ewes is rachel<\/em> (Gen 31:38; 32:15; Song 6:6; Isa 53:7), corresponding to the woman\u2019s name Rachel (45x). The ram is referred to as ajil<\/em> (135x). Even if rams are not as aggressive and combative as male goats, their designation is also transferred to human \u00ableaders\u00bb: \u00aband he took the mighty ones of the land\u00bb (Ezek 17:13) and \u00abthe mighty men of Moab \u2013 trembling seized them\u00bb (Ex 15:15). The word derives from a root expressing steadfastness. It is therefore not surprising that in 17 verses it denotes a \u00abpillar\u00bb. The Aramaic word for ram is dekar<\/em> (Ez 6:9, 17; 7:17). The lambs, which played a special role as sacrificial animals, are designated by the Hebrew kebes<\/em> (99x) and the Aramaic immar<\/em> (Ez 6:9, 17; 7:17). Even the term \u00abmilk lamb\u00bb has an exact Hebrew equivalent: tale chalab<\/em> (1Sam 7:9). For fattened sheep kept primarily for meat production there was the term kar<\/em> (9x), which is also found in the place name Beth-car (house of slaughter sheep, 1Sam 7:11) and in combinations such as zon tibcha<\/em> (sheep for slaughter, Ps 44:23) and zon ma\u2019akal<\/em> (sheep for food, Ps 44:12).<\/p>\n\n\n\n The expression from Psalm 44:23 is quoted in the NT to describe the sufferings of believers: \u00abFor your sake we are being put to death all day long; we were considered as sheep to be slaughtered\u00bb (Rom 8:36). Here the Greek expression probata sphages<\/em> refers to sheep for slaughter. In Greek, probaton<\/em> (37x) is the general term for sheep, while amnos<\/em> (John 1:29, 36; Acts 8:32; 1Pet 1:19) and aren<\/em> (Luke 10:3) denote lambs. John sets a special emphasis when, in Revelation, he always chooses the diminutive form arnion<\/em> (28x), which refers to very young lambs. In this way he underscores the innocence, purity, and defenselessness of the Lord Jesus as the Lamb \u00abas though it had been slain\u00bb (Rev 5:6) and creates a strong contrast to the image of the lion, which expresses violence and dominion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n No animal is described in the Bible as more vulnerable and helpless than sheep. Without the shepherd\u2019s care they soon lie \u00abharassed and helpless\u00bb (Mt 9:36). They go astray, get lost, and cannot find their way home on their own (Isa 53:6; Ezek 34:4\u20136; Mt 10:6; 15:24; 18:12\u201313; Lk 15:4, 6; 1Pet 2:25). They fall into a pit (Mt 12:11) or into a well (Lk 14:5). Predators drive the flock away and scatter it (Ezek 34:4, 16; Mic 4:6; Mt 26:31; Mk 14:27). Individual animals injure themselves while fleeing and limp (Mic 4:6; Zeph 3:19), are stolen (1Sam 17:34; Amos 3:12; Joh 10:12), perish (Zech 11:16), or are trampled and torn to pieces (Mic 5:7). In most breeds the rams do have considerable horns, but when a wild animal approaches, they make sure to get away, and the whole flock runs off in panic. Because they run only slowly, have little endurance, and cannot climb, jump, or hide, sheep are easy prey; hardly any animal is more defenselessly exposed to its hunters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n In addition, sheep are susceptible to parasites and diseases (Mal 1:8, 13) and sensitive to poisonous plants, which they do not recognize as a danger. Since rams among sheep are not as dominant as among goats, the lead animal of a flock is often not a ram but an experienced ewe. Rank differences become apparent in competition for desirable places. And even if the hierarchy within the group \u2013 the \u00abpecking order\u00bb \u2013 is not very pronounced, the flock often does not settle down until the shepherd is there. Highly bred wool sheep must be shorn regularly; some sheep also need human help during birth and cannot \u00ablamb\u00bb independently. It is not only their lack of orientation, defenselessness, and helplessness, but also traits such as flock instinct, stubbornness, obstinacy, timidity, and a tendency toward irrational behavior that make sheep an image of humans without guidance. Sheep are therefore inseparably linked with the person of the shepherd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n There are many situations in which a sheep depends on the shepherd\u2019s help. This culminates in the fact that a sheep that has rolled or fallen onto its back is often unable to get back onto its feet by itself. The other animals in the flock do not realize the predicament and do not come to help. In this awkward position the \u00abstranded\u00bb sheep becomes easy prey even for smaller birds of prey. In addition, the rumen bloats and presses on the heart, lungs, and blood vessels, and if the animal is pregnant, the pressure of the uterus is added. Circulation and breathing are weakened to such an extent that the animal often dies within a few hours. There is probably no other example in creation of an animal suddenly putting itself in mortal danger in an absolutely peaceful environment like the poor sheep lying on the level, green meadow, stretching all four legs up to the sky \u2013 and needing to be turned back over so it will not die.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Certain circumstances increase the risk that a sheep will unexpectedly end up on its back. This happens more often to pregnant sheep, since they mostly carry twins and thus are heavier and rounder. Moreover, in wool breeds, animals with a particularly dense and heavy fleece, and in \u00abmeat breeds\u00bb very well-fed and fat animals are more at risk. In other words, it is the most fertile, most productive, and visibly blessed animals that are most in danger of suddenly lying on their backs in an apparently safe environment. This recalls the biblical warning: \u00abTherefore let anyone who thinks that he stands take heed lest he fall\u00bb (1Cor 10:12).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Anyone who talks about domestic sheep must also mention the work of the shepherd, without whose care they would not survive. Many biblical figures \u2013 men (e.g., Abel, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Moses, David, Amos) as well as women (e.g., Rebekah, Rachel, Zipporah) \u2013 were shepherds. Evidently the self-sacrificing care of the animals was a good training ground for later leadership responsibilities over people. What this service looks like in practice can be studied in Psalm 23. This passage, together with the \u00abLord\u2019s Prayer\u00bb, is considered the best-known biblical text. It presents care, refreshment, guidance, support, comfort, fellowship, peace, joy, and confidence \u2013 things that only God can give in perfect measure; and hardly anyone could have described God better as his personal shepherd than David, who himself was a shepherd and later, as king of Israel, understood himself as a \u00abshepherd of people\u00bb (2Sam 24:17; Ps 78:70\u201372).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Why are scientists so sure that sheep can recognize and distinguish not only human voices but also human faces? The experimental setup shown here (after Knolle et al.) produced very convincing results. Since many experiments are structured similarly, it is worth tracing the procedure once using this example.<\/p>\n\n\n\n First the sheep discover that the feeder sometimes dispenses treats. Then they realize that their behaviour can cause something to come out. In this way they can be trained (A). They learn a first simple rule: if you nudge the slot above which something<\/em> appears on the screen with your nose, you get a reward. In the second training session they notice that it does not make no difference what appears there, but that only the human face<\/em> should be selected. In the third session they understand that it is about the specific face<\/em> that is already familiar to them. After this conditioning the next round begins (B), and it is no problem for the sheep to recognize again the pretty face of the actress Emma Watson even from other perspectives, with different hairstyles (and further variations: glasses, hat, half covered, etc.). To make the result \u00abwatertight\u00bb, it was also shown that the whole thing works with different sheep and with different faces, and that the learning curves always look similar (C).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Although the shepherd\u2019s service is inseparably connected with his sheep, this book is primarily about the animals. A detailed consideration of how many instructive aspects the Bible \u2013 Old and New Testament \u2013 connects with shepherding would go beyond the scope. A few hints must suffice. Ezekiel 34 speaks of the leaders of the people of Israel, who were mostly bad shepherds. But the look into the future already reveals Jesus Christ, the ONE shepherd, the \u00abSon of David\u00bb and the \u00abtrue David\u00bb: \u00abAnd I will set up over them one shepherd, my servant David, and he shall feed them: he shall feed them and be their shepherd\u00bb (Ezek 34:23) and \u00abHe will tend his flock like a shepherd; he will gather the lambs in his arms; he will carry them in his bosom, and gently lead those that are with young\u00bb (Isa 40:11).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Psalm 23, discussed in the previous section, shows us \u00abour Lord Jesus, the great shepherd of the sheep\u00bb (Heb 13:20) as He works in the present<\/em> with believers. The chapter before it, Psalm 22, shows the past<\/em> \u2013 His death and His resurrection \u2013 as John describes them: \u00abI am the good shepherd. The good shepherd lays down his life for the sheep [\u2026] I lay it down of my own accord. I have authority to lay it down, and I have authority to take it up again\u00bb (Joh 10:11, 18). The following chapter, Psalm 24, by contrast shows something that will be unveiled only in the future<\/em>: \u00abAnd when the chief Shepherd appears, you will receive the unfading crown of glory\u00bb (1Pet 5:4). Then all people will recognize that the \u00abLamb of God\u00bb (Joh 1:29) is also the shepherd: \u00abfor the Lamb in the midst of the throne will be their shepherd, and he will guide them to springs of living water\u00bb (Rev 7:17). Summed up in one sentence: the three messianic psalms 22\u201324 show us the Lord Jesus as the good shepherd<\/em> who died for us (22), the great shepherd<\/em> who shepherds us today and is with us (23), and also the chief shepherd<\/em> whose future, wise rule will never end (24).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nothing expresses wealth in the Bible more often than the size of small-livestock herds, and especially the number of sheep. While for us even the sight of a herd of one hundred animals is impressive, there must have been enormous herds in the Near East at that time. Job already owned 14,000 head of small livestock (Job 42:12). It was probably mostly sheep. In any case, he used dogs to protect them (Job 30:1) and spoke of the wool of his lambs (Job 31:20). A wealthy man like Nabal had 3,000 sheep (1Sam 25:2). And after a great victory over the Midianites, the war booty alone included 675,000 head of small livestock (Num 31:32). The Moabite king Mesha, who ruled in the area of today\u2019s Jordan, paid Israel an annual tribute of 200,000 animals (2Kgs 3:4), and Solomon sacrificed 120,000 sheep at the dedication of the temple (1Kgs 8:63; 2Chr 7:5).<\/p>\n\n\n\n The ownership of the sheep plays an important role when the flock is used as an image of God\u2019s people. In twenty verses God speaks of His sheep and describes His care: \u00abI will seek my sheep and will seek them out\u00bb (Ezek 34:11) and \u00abMy sheep hear my voice, and I know them, and they follow me\u00bb (Joh 10:27) \u2013 \u00abFor he is our God, and we are the people of his pasture, and the sheep of his hand\u00bb (Ps 95:7; cf. Ps 79:13; 100:3). The sheep recognize their shepherd and his voice. On various websites with Bible devotions one can find on the internet the story of a shepherd from Karlsruhe whose 111 sheep were stolen. Afterwards, at a loading station in Cologne, he called them out again from a herd of 5,000 animals, which was proof enough for the police officers he had brought along that he was the rightful owner. Perhaps it is only a little \u00abtall tale\u00bb, because unfortunately this description cannot be validated. In any case, it could have happened that way, as another story shows: On 23 October 2019, hobby sheep breeder Karl-Heinz Klee from Pohlheim had six valuable Dorper sheep stolen, which he rediscovered in a flock in Nidda, 40 kilometers away. He was also able to demonstrate to the police that the animals he claimed as his property could be called to him. Unfortunately, the officers did not understand enough about sheep to assess the evidential value of this demonstration correctly, because the ear tags had been exchanged and indicated a different owner. Only when another robbed sheep owner joined them were investigations initiated \u2013 revealing that half of the flock of 200 animals was stolen property.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Since in Israel several flocks often grazed together (Gen 13:7) or were led to watering places (Gen 29:2\u201310; Ex 2:17), the animals had to be clearly marked so they could be assigned to their owner. This was done either by branding the lower leg of the hind leg or \u2013 especially in breeds with a lot of wool \u2013 by notching the ear. If a shepherd was not tending his own animals, it was important for him to provide the owner with proof when sheep were torn by predators (Ex 22:12). The prophet Amos refers to this ironically when he announces judgment on the northern kingdom of Israel: \u00abAs the shepherd rescues from the mouth of the lion two legs or a piece of an ear, so shall the people of Israel be rescued\u00bb (Amos 3:12). With these miserable scraps the shepherd could prove that the sheep was lost, but there could be no talk of a \u00abrescue\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A law ordered an interesting parallel to the ownership indication through marking the ear for a servant (actually a slave under Jewish law) who renounces his freedom: \u00abBut if the servant plainly says, \u201cI love my master, my wife, and my children; I will not go out free,\u201d then his master shall bring him to God, and he shall bring him to the door or the doorpost. And his master shall pierce his ear through with an awl, and he shall be his servant forever\u00bb (Ex 21:5\u20136). This is a beautiful picture of what the Lord Jesus did as the servant of God (Isa 42:1; 52:13; 53:11; Acts 3:13, 26). Out of love for His Lord (God the Father), His wife (the church), and His children (the people of Israel), He allowed Himself to be pierced, as was prophetically announced: \u00abYou have dug ears for me\u00bb (Ps 40:7 Einh; cf. Heb 10:5\u20137) and He serves forever.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00abKnow well the condition of your flocks, and give attention to your herds \u2026 When the grass is gone and the new growth appears, and the vegetation of the mountains is gathered, the lambs will provide your clothing, and the goats the price of a field, and there will be enough goats\u2019 milk for your food\u00bb (Prov 27:23\u201327). These verses allow us to infer the ordinary use of domestic animals. While the surplus of young male animals (for slaughter) was sold, and milk production was central with goats, sheep were kept mainly for wool production.<\/p>\n\n\n\n There are sheep breeds with very different fleece colors, but this poetic comparison from a love song suggests that in Israel the animals usually wore white wool: \u00abYour teeth are like a flock of shorn sheep that have come up from the washing\u00bb (Song 4:2; cf. 6:6). The statements about God, \u00abwho gives snow like wool\u00bb (Ps 147:16), about Jesus, \u00abthe hair of his head was white, like white wool, like snow\u00bb (Rev 1:14), and the verse \u00abThough your sins are like scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they are red like crimson, they shall become like wool\u00bb (Isa 1:18) also point in this direction. Nevertheless, there were also reddish, brown, black, speckled, striped, spotted, and mottled animals (Gen 30:32, 39). But they were evidently considered inferior at the time \u2013 and even if the requirement \u00abwithout blemish\u00bb referred to health, the perfect sacrificial animal, at least in later times, was also \u00abwithout spot\u00bb (cf. 1Pet 1:19).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sheep\u2019s wool (Hebrew: zemer<\/em>, 16x; Aramaic: amar<\/em>, Dan 7:9; and Greek: erion<\/em>, Heb 9:19; Rev 1:14) was a sought-after commodity in antiquity (Ezek 27:18) and had great economic importance until the modern cultivation of cotton and the development of synthetic fibers. The shearing of sheep brought sheep owners the main yield of the year and was celebrated as chag ha-gez<\/em> \u2013 the \u00abfeast of shearing\u00bb (Gen 31:19; 38:12; Deut 18:4; 1Sam 25:2; 2Sam 13:23).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Even today, in sheep regions such as Australia, large \u00absheep shearing festivals\u00bb are held, often including a competition among the best shearers. The world champions are true athletes and powerhouses. On the site https:\/\/shearingrecords.co.nz<\/a> you can find the current record holders. Their performances are incredible. On 28 January 2023, Aidan Copp shorn 605 lambs in a row! He might have managed four or five more, but he ran out of animals when he still had 4 minutes and 36 seconds to go before reaching the 8-hour time limit. Thick books have been written about the special properties and qualities of sheep\u2019s wool. The illustration above at least gives a small impression of the complexity of its structure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The most frequently prescribed sacrificial animals were \u00abone-year-old lambs without blemish\u00bb, mentioned in 52 Bible verses. In the framework of ordinary temple service alone, more than a thousand lambs were sacrificed per year. Daily, every morning and every evening, one was burned as a \u00abregular offering\u00bb (Ex 29:39; Num 28:4), on the Sabbath two additional (Num 28:9), and at the beginning of the month seven additional (Num 28:11). At six \u00abfeasts of the LORD\u00bb, seven each \u2013 and during the Feast of Booths a total of 106 (Num 28\u201329) more. They were driven through the Sheep Gate to the north (scha\u2019ar ha-zon<\/em>: Neh 3:1, 32; 12:39; probatikos<\/em>: Joh 5:2) into the nearby temple precinct, to be sold there to pilgrims (Joh 2:14) and later sacrificed on the altar. The lamb is the sacrifice par excellence and often stands representatively for all other sacrificial animals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Although there were already indications in the Old Testament that animal sacrifices could not be a final solution to the problem of human guilt and sin, that was hard for the Jews to imagine. Prophetic statements about God\u2019s saving action, such as Isaiah 53:7: \u00abHe was oppressed, and he was afflicted, yet he opened not his mouth; like a lamb that is led to the slaughter, and like a sheep that before its shearers is silent, so he opened not his mouth\u00bb, became clear only after they had been fulfilled. John the Baptist had already referred to it when he said about the Lord Jesus: \u00abBehold, the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world!\u00bb (Joh 1:29, 36), but what that truly meant even His disciples recognized only after their risen Lord met them. Later, in his encounter with the Ethiopian official, Philip could refer precisely to this verse from Isaiah \u00aband beginning with this Scripture he told him the good news about Jesus\u00bb (Acts 8:35). The early Christians from Jews and nations now understood that God had redeemed them \u00abwith the precious blood of Christ, like that of a lamb without blemish or spot\u00bb (1Pet 1:19). Perhaps we, too, will one day realize that we do not yet fully know our Lord. As a human being He displayed the lamb-like qualities \u00abgentle and lowly in heart\u00bb (Mt 11:29), and so He still meets us today. But when the time of grace is past, the \u00abwrath of the Lamb\u00bb (Rev 6:16) \u2013 an almost paradoxical expression \u2013 brings merciless judgments upon humanity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A special sheep story goes back to Julius Anton von Poseck (1816\u20131896), one of the founding fathers of the \u00abBrethren movement\u00bb in Germany. He knew the Bible, but studied philosophy in M\u00fcnster and Berlin and, as a successful and wealthy young man of noble descent and impeccable reputation, saw no reason to recognize himself as a sinner and ask God for forgiveness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 15 August 1848, however, his attitude changed drastically. While taking part in the celebrations for the 600th anniversary of the laying of the foundation stone of Cologne Cathedral, a stone broke loose from the balustrade of the building and crushed a young woman who was standing where he himself had been shortly before. He realized that as long as he rejects Jesus as Savior, he will one day meet Him as Judge: \u00abEveryone who falls on that stone will be broken to pieces, and when it falls on anyone, it will crush him\u00bb (Lk 20:18). That led him to repent and confess his sins to God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A few years later he visited St. Ludgerus Church in Essen-Werden. During a guided tour, the stone sculpture of a sheep set into the masonry below the roof edge was explained: \u00abWhen a roofer was repairing the damaged church roof, the hook to which his ladder was fastened tore loose. His dreadful fall into the depths, which would certainly have brought him death, was softened by the fact that he fell onto the soft back of a lamb that was grazing below on the lawn and was crushed by the falling man. Thus, the roofer escaped with his life; not a single limb was broken. Out of a grateful heart for this grace of God\u2019s protection, he had the lamb carved from stone and installed in the masonry of the roof edge.\u00bb This story moved von Poseck deeply because it illustrates how Jesus, as the Lamb of God, took our place. We are saved and kept \u2013 \u00abBut he was pierced for our transgressions; he was crushed for our iniquities\u00bb (Isa 53:5).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sources:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Arden, H; Allard, WA: The two souls of Peru<\/em>. National Geographic 1982; 161(3):284-300<\/p>\n\n\n\n Atteneder, V: Analyse der Zwillings- und Mehrlingsgeburten<\/em>. Universit\u00e4t Wien, Institut f\u00fcr Nutztierwissenschaften, Arbeitsgruppe Tierzucht, Diplomarbeit 2007; https:\/\/epub.boku.ac.at\/obvbokhs\/content\/titleinfo\/1035817\/full.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Baumgartner, S: Innere Parasiten bei Schafen und Ziegen<\/em>. Landwirtschaftszentrum SG 2019; Fachstelle Kleinvieh \/ Herdenschutz; Merkblatt 1. Ausgabe 1. Mai 2019; https:\/\/www.sg.ch\/umwelt-natur\/landwirtschaft\/lzsg\/Beratung\/tierhaltung\/ziegen-und-schafe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Bohan, A; Shalloo, L; Creighton, P: A survey of management practices and flock performance and their association with flock size and ewe breed type on Irish sheep farms<\/em>. The Journal of Agricultural Science 2017; 155(8):1332-1341; doi: 10.1017\/S0021859617000399<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bundesministerium der Justiz: Verordnung zum Schutz gegen die Verschleppung von Tierseuchen im Viehverkehr (Viehverkehrsverordnung – ViehVerkV) Anlage 9 (zu \u00a7 34 Absatz 3 und 4) Ohrmarken zur Kennzeichnung von Schafen und Ziegen<\/em>; aufgerufen am 27.11.2023; https:\/\/www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/viehverkv_2007\/anlage_9.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Denge, T: Freilaufendes Merino-Schaf in Australien: Schaf \u201eChris\u201c von 42 Kilogramm Wolle befreit<\/em>. Tagesspiegel vom 03.09.2015; https:\/\/www.tagesspiegel.de\/gesellschaft\/panorama\/schaf-chris-von-42-kilogramm-wolle-befreit-3656665.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Dr\u00f6se, B: Die wundersame Rettung des Dachdeckermeisters<\/em>. Stadt-Spiegel 21.01.2023; https:\/\/www.lokalkompass.de\/essen-west\/c-kultur\/die-wundersame-rettung-des-dachdeckermeisters_a1825024<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Epstein, H: Fettschwanz- und Fettstei\u00dfschafe<\/em> (S. 6, Abb. 1, Wagen f\u00fcr den Fettschwanz). Wittenberg (A. Ziemsen) 1970<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hermes, W: Hermann Heinrich Grafe und seine Zeit<\/em>. Witten (Bundes) 1933; Ausz\u00fcge daraus (p. 14-15), 2008 unter http:\/\/www.bruederbewegung.de\/pdf\/hermes.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Israelnetz: Erste Jakobschafe in Israel eingetroffen<\/em>. 08.12.2016; https:\/\/www.israelnetz.com\/erste-jakobschafe-in-israel-eingetroffen<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n JTA: 9 Israeli teens killed, 1 missing after getting caught in flash flood<\/em>. Jewish Telegraphic Agency 26.04.2018; https:\/\/www.jta.org\/2018\/04\/26\/israel\/7-israeli-teens-critically-injured-least-3-others-missing-flash-floods-hit-area-hiking<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Keller, WP: Psalm 23 \u2013 Aus der Sicht eines Schafhirten<\/em>. Asslar (Schulte & Gerth) 1992<\/p>\n\n\n\n Knolle, F; Goncalves, RP; Morton, AJ: Sheep recognize familiar and unfamiliar human faces from two-dimensional images<\/em>. Royal Society Open Science 2017; 4(11):171228; doi: 10.1098\/rsos.171228<\/p>\n\n\n\n Marino, L; Merskin, D: Intelligence, complexity, and individuality in sheep<\/em>. Animal Sentience 2019; 25(1)1-26; doi: 10.51291\/2377-7478.1374<\/p>\n\n\n\n Markwick, G: Water Requirements for Sheep<\/em>. Profitable & Sustainable Primary Industries 2007; prime facts 326; https:\/\/livestock-emergency.net\/userfiles\/file\/water-supply\/Marwick-2007.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Moore, NW; Halnan, CRE; McKee, JJ: Studies on hybridization between a Barbary ram (Ammotragus lervia) and domestic ewes (Ovis aries) and nanny goats (Capra hircus)<\/em>. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 1981; 61:79-82<\/p>\n\n\n\n Podbregar, N: Schafe erkennen unsere Gesichter<\/em>. Bild der Wissenschaft, 8. November 2017; https:\/\/www.wissenschaft.de\/erde-umwelt\/schafe-erkennen-unsere-gesichter<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/a><\/a><\/a>